固态电池进展 How Far Have Solid-State Batteries Progressed？
1. 标准相关 Standards-related Data
2025年5月：中国汽车工程学会发布《全固态电池判定方法》，首次明确全固态/半固态/混合态电池边界。
May 2025: The China Society of Automotive Engineers issued the Determination Method for All-Solid-State Batteries, marking the first clear definition of boundaries among all-solid-state, semi-solid-state, and mixed-state batteries in the industry.
全固态电池判定条件：肉眼无液体渗漏；120℃真空干燥6小时，重量损失率＜1%。
Criteria for all-solid-state battery certification: No visible liquid leakage to the naked eye; weight loss rate below 1% after vacuum drying at 120℃ for 6 hours.
未来国标分类：拟划分为全固态、固液混合、液态三类，取消“半固态”正式分类。
Proposed classification in future national standards: To be explicitly categorized into three types—all-solid-state, solid-liquid hybrid, and liquid-state batteries; the term "semi-solid-state" will be abolished as an official classification.
2. 国内专项与试点 Domestic Special Programs and Pilot Projects
工信部专项计划：60亿元全固态电池专项支持资金，遴选6家企业参与研发及试点。
MIIT Special Support Program: A 6-billion-yuan special fund for all-solid-state batteries, selecting 6 enterprises to participate in R&D and pilot production.
技术路线划分：硫化物路线（宁德时代、比亚迪、吉利、一汽）；聚合物路线（上汽、清陶能源、卫蓝新能源）。
Technical route division: Sulfide route (CATL, BYD, Geely, FAW); polymer route (SAIC, QingTao Energy, Weilan New Energy).
试点样品规格：60Ah电芯，对标2027年装车产品。
Specification of pilot samples: 60Ah battery cells, aligned with the product specifications planned for vehicle installation in 2027.
测试进度：原计划推迟1个月，最终结果预计2026年二、三季度公布。
Testing progress: Postponed by 1 month from the original schedule; final results are expected to be released in Q2-Q3 2026.
3. 技术瓶颈参数 Technical Bottleneck Parameters
硫化物电解质热稳定性：200℃左右易分解，含硫、磷成分易起火，钉刺/高温箱测试存在热失控风险。
Thermal stability of sulfide electrolytes: Prone to decomposition at around 200℃; the sulfur and phosphorus content increases fire risk, leading to thermal runaway in nail penetration and high-temperature chamber tests.
循环性能压力要求：需10-20MPa高压环境，适配重型卡车，乘用车集成难度大。
Pressure requirement for cycle performance: Requires a high-pressure environment of 10–20 MPa, suitable for heavy-duty trucks but posing great integration challenges for passenger vehicles.
成本差距：全固态电池材料成本为液态锂电池的10倍以上，生产良率不稳定。
Cost gap: Material cost of all-solid-state batteries is over 10 times that of liquid lithium-ion batteries, with unstable production yield.
4. 企业研发与产能Enterprise R&D and Production Capacity
宁德时代研发规模：超2000名专项研发人员，100余个细分课题组。
R&D scale of CATL: Over 2,000 dedicated R&D personnel and more than 100 specialized research teams.
无阳极技术性能：体积能量密度提升60%，重量能量密度提升50%，预计2026年商业化量产。
Performance of anode-free technology: 60% increase in volumetric energy density and 50% increase in gravimetric energy density; commercial mass production is expected in 2026.
2026年国内有效产能目标：80 GWh。
Target of domestic effective production capacity in 2026: 80 GWh.
5. 供应链与设备. Supply Chain and Equipment
电解质技术路线进展：硫化物路线最快，卤化物路线受空气稳定性、离子导电性瓶颈制约。
Progress of electrolyte technical routes: The sulfide route is advancing the fastest; the halide route is constrained by bottlenecks in air stability and ionic conductivity.
设备成本：全固态电池生产设备成本为传统液态电池的2-5倍。
Equipment cost: Production equipment for all-solid-state batteries is 2–5 times more expensive than that for traditional liquid batteries.
设备需求节奏：现阶段以试点线、小批量设备订单为主，大规模量产设备需求预计2-3年后释放。
Equipment demand rhythm: Current orders are mainly for pilot lines and small-batch production equipment; large-scale mass production equipment demand is expected to emerge in 2–3 years with technological maturity.
