固态电池哪条技术路线最终胜出？

Which Solid-State Battery Technology Path Will Ultimately Prevail?

 今天我们来探讨一下固态电池哪条技术路线最终能胜出？能让电动汽车续航超过 1000 公里，而且从根本上解决起火风险的电池，大家一定会想到固态电池。它被很多人看作是动力电池的终极未来，但你可能不知道，这条通往未来的路上，正上演着一场激烈的三国演义。目前还没有绝对的赢家。

Today, let's explore which solid-state battery technology path will ultimately come out on top. When it comes to batteries that can enable electric vehicles to travel over 1,000 kilometers on a single charge and fundamentally eliminate fire risks, many people think of solid-state batteries. They are widely regarded as the ultimate future of power batteries. But you might not know that on the road to this future, an intense "Three Kingdoms" battle is unfolding. There is no absolute winner yet.

那为什么我们现在还用不上完美的固态电池呢？核心的挑战就在于那个用来传导锂离子的固态电解质。材料上，目前全球的科学家和企业主要聚焦在三条技术路线上博弈。

So why can’t we use perfect solid-state batteries yet? The core challenge lies in the solid-state electrolyte used to conduct lithium ions. In terms of materials, scientists and companies globally are currently focusing on three main technology paths, each vying for dominance.

第一条是硫化物路线，它被称为性能王者。它的离子电导率非常高，几乎和现在的液态电解液一样，这意味着超快的充电速度，但是它有一个致命的的弱点，非常娇气，怕水又怕空气，一旦接触潮湿空气就会产生剧毒的硫化氢气。所以它的生产过程必须在像芯片工厂一样极致干燥的真空环境下进行。这导致它的制造成本极其高昂。日本的丰田和韩国的电池企业是这条路线的主要推动者。

The first path is the sulfide route, known as the performance king. It offers extremely high ionic conductivity, almost comparable to today's liquid electrolytes, meaning ultra-fast charging speeds. However, it has a critical weakness: it is very delicate, sensitive to both water and air. Upon contact with humid air, it produces highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. Therefore, its production process must be carried out in an extremely dry, vacuum environment, similar to a chip fabrication plant. This results in extremely high manufacturing costs. Japanese automaker Toyota and South Korean battery companies are the main proponents of this route.

第二条是氧化物路线，可以把它看作安全卫士。它的热稳定性非常好，耐高温，本身非常安全，而且对空气不敏感，制造环境要求没那么苛刻。但是它本身比较硬和脆，导致和正负极材料的接触性很差，界面电阻很大。为了解决这个问题，往往需要高达近千度的温度进行烧结，能耗和成本又上来了。目前中国的很多创业公司，比如蔚来、清陶，更倾向于主攻这条路线。

The second path is the oxide route, which can be seen as the safety guard. It offers excellent thermal stability, high-temperature resistance, and is inherently very safe. It is also not sensitive to air, so the manufacturing environment requirements are less stringent. However, it is relatively hard and brittle, leading to poor contact with the positive and negative electrode materials and high interfacial resistance. To address this issue, sintering at temperatures as high as nearly a thousand degrees Celsius is often required, which drives up energy consumption and costs. Many Chinese startups, such as Nio and Qingtao, are more inclined to focus on this route.

第三条是聚合物路线，它算是制造能手，它的最大优势是制造工艺最接近现在的液态锂电池。能做大程度的利用现有的生产线，但是它的离子电导率在室温下很低，通常需要加热到 60 度以上才能正常工作。这导致它在冬天或者寒冷地区性能会大打折扣，这条路线在欧洲企业那边有更多的技术积累，所以你看，每一条路线都有自己的阿卡琉斯之踵，这也解释了为什么全固态电池听起来那么好，却迟迟没有大规模上市。

The third path is the polymer route, considered the manufacturing expert. Its biggest advantage is that its manufacturing process is closest to that of current liquid lithium batteries. It can largely utilize existing production lines. However, its ionic conductivity is very low at room temperature, and it typically needs to be heated above 60°C to function properly. This causes its performance to drop significantly in winter or cold regions. This route has more technological accumulation among European companies. So, as you can see, each route has its own Achilles' heel, which explains why solid-state batteries, despite sounding so promising, have not yet been mass-produced.

那么未来的胜出者会是谁呢？更可能出现的局面，不是某一条路线一统天下，而是因地制宜，在不同的应用场景里找到自己的位置。比如对速度有极致追求的高端电动汽车领域，如果能突破成本和工艺的瓶颈，硫化物路线潜力最大。而在更强调安全性和供应链自主可控的市场，氧化物路线可能会占据主导。至于一些对成本敏感或者对温度不敏感的固定储能设备上，聚合物路线或许会是性价比最高的选择。

So, who will be the ultimate winner? It is more likely that no single route will dominate entirely. Instead, the situation will be one of adaptation to local conditions, with each route finding its place in different application scenarios. For example, in the high-end electric vehicle sector, which pursues extreme speed, the sulfide route holds the greatest potential if cost and process bottlenecks can be overcome. In markets that emphasize safety and supply chain autonomy and control, the oxide route may take the lead. For cost-sensitive applications or fixed energy storage equipment where temperature sensitivity is not an issue, the polymer route might offer the best cost-performance ratio.

事实上，我们在市场上已经看到了一个聪明的过度方案，这就是蔚来、智己等品牌推出的半固态电池。它本质上是一种固液混合电池，它保留了一小部分电解液来改善界面接触，同时大幅提升了安全性，是当前从液态走向全固态最务实的一步。根据最乐观的行业预估，全固态电池的真正规模化装车可能也要等到 2027~2030 年，所以关于固态电池的马拉松才刚刚开始，硫化物，氧化物和聚合物的竞争与合作将继续推动着我们向那个更安全、更耐久的能源未来加速前进。

In fact, we are already seeing a clever transitional solution on the market: the semi-solid-state batteries launched by brands like Nio and Zhiji. These are essentially hybrid solid-liquid batteries. They retain a small amount of electrolyte to improve interfacial contact while significantly enhancing safety, making them the most practical step currently from liquid-state to all-solid-state batteries. According to the most optimistic industry estimates, the true large-scale installation of all-solid-state batteries in vehicles may still be around 2027–2030. Therefore, the marathon for solid-state batteries has just begun. The competition and collaboration among sulfide, oxide, and polymer technologies will continue to propel us toward a safer, longer-lasting energy future at an accelerated pace.

郑重声明：国能春泉编辑部尽力持续给大家提供价值信息促进交流，本平台发布的行业文章、图片、表格等源自互联网、企业政府官网、公众号等公开渠道整理编辑，我们对文中观点保持中立。转载的内容版权归原作者和机构所有，如有侵权，请联系我们删除，谢谢！本文如对您有帮助，欢迎转发，感谢支持！

Solemn Statement

The editorial department of NESC strives to continuously provide valuable information for communication. The industry articles, pictures, and tables published on this platform are compiled and edited from public channels such as the Internet, official websites of enterprises and governments, and WeChat official accounts. We maintain a neutral stance on the views expressed in the articles. The copyright of the reprinted content belongs to the original authors and institutions. If there is any infringement, please contact us for deletion. Thank you! If this article is helpful to you, please feel free to forward it. Thank you for your support!